The Bachelor in Food Technology, also termed B.Tech. (Food Technology/ Food ), is a four-year academic program designed to equip students with comprehensive knowledge in food science, processing, and management. The curriculum progresses from foundational sciences and microbiology in the first year to specialized courses in food processing, product technology, quality control, and food plant management in the later years.
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Food science is the end-to-end study of food, including raw materials selection and harvesting, composition and development, production, preservation and safety, packaging and storage, through to end-user preparation, consumption and sensory analysis. Food science also includes food-involved scientific fields such as food microbiology, food chemistry, and the physics of food.
Although food technology is generally included as a part of food science, its distinct definition is the practical application of the food sciences to the development and production of food. Food Technology is the application of food science to the selection, preservation, processing, packaging, distribution, and use of safe, nutritious, and wholesome food.
Food technology courses attract a large number of students all over the world, including Nepal, because of their novelty as an educational course and also because of the growing demand for food technologists in today's health-conscious world.
About the Course
B.Tech. (Food Technolgy) course is a combination of food science that is coherent and systematic body of knowledge and understanding of the nature and composition of food materials, and their behavior under the various conditions to which they may be subjected; and its application to the practical treatment of food materials so as to convert them into food products of the kind, quality and stability, and its packaging and distribution, so as to meet the needs of consumers for safe, wholesome, nutritious and attractive foods.
It integrates the applications to food of several contributory sciences like the knowledge of the chemical composition of food materials (for all food consists entirely of chemical substances); their physical, biological and biochemical behavior; human nutritional requirements and the nutritional factors in food materials; the nature and behavior of food enzymes; the microbiology of foods; the interaction of food components with each other, with atmospheric oxygen, with additives and contaminants, and with packaging materials; pharmacology and toxicology of food materials, additives and contaminants; the effects of various manufacturing operations, processes and storage conditions; food analysis and quality control; operation research and food plant management and the use of statistics for designing experimental work and evaluating the results.
It further draws on, and integrates the application to food of other technologies such as those of food handling and packing materials, engineering, instrumentation, electronics, agriculture, and biotechnology.
The production and distribution of food, including agriculture, dairy, and related services, is the largest and most important economic activity in the country. All these activities, and many others, create a demand for well-qualified and experienced food technologists and specialists who can play their part in the complex and increasingly sophisticated food supply system . This course helps to fulfill these demands.
The first food technology course at the certificate level was introduced in Nepal in 1973 (2030 B.S.). The aim of this course was to produce mid-level food technology professionals. This program was discontinued in 1979 (2036 B.S.), and in the same year, a new 4-year bachelor’s degree course, commonly referred to as B.Tech. (Food), was launched under the Institute of Science and Technology (IoST) at Tribhuvan University (TU).
Objectives:
- To provide knowledge in food science and the principles underlying food processing.
- To give wider knowledge to students in advanced food engineering.
- To acquaint students with industrial management practices.
- To train the students in product-specific specialization areas.
Eligibility
The candidates who have passed in second division I.Sc. Or 10+2 (science) and certificate level of food technology /laboratory technology from Tribhuvan University or an institute recognized by this university shall be considered eligible to apply for admission to B.Tech. (Food).
Admission Criteria
Students are selected based on their merit in the entrance examination.
Job Prospects
Scope
A food technologist can get the job of a Quality Assurance Manager, Production Manager, Laboratory Supervisor, Food Packaging Manager or even as a Research Associate in premier institutes, universities and research and development units. You can also work as food packaging technologist and food preservation managers in various food packaging industries.
A post - graduate candidate in food technology can work as a lecturer or an advisor in Government Colleges, Inspection Boards or Quality Control Cells. Multinational Companies recruit food technologists periodically for bringing about an improvement in their products. You can also join various NGOs/ INGOs working in the field of food and nutrition. Both the private and the public sectors provide lucrative job opportunities to food technologists. The openings are mainly in the production and quality control departments.
The food industry is a fast paced and technologically advanced field. There are many and varied employment opportunities in the food industry. The sector is currently experiencing a skill shortage meaning that graduates are often offered a position/s prior to graduation
Scope abroad
You can work as a product development manager in a food research company to devise food products according to the needs of the consumers and effectively implement the products in an innovative way. You can also pursue your research work as a scientist abroad to formulate new product range and enhance the existing portfolio of products in various food research institutes. You can work as a sensory scientist to monitor organic properties like aroma, flavor and more. Even companies abroad recruit food technologists to ensure and monitor the quality and hygiene of food products in their contamination and adulteration prevention units.
Curricular Structure
The B.Tech. (Food) has been revised twice: the first revision took place in 1994 (2050 B.S.), and the second in 2005 (2061 B.S.).
The revision of the current the curriculum was long overdue, as it had remained unchanged since 2005. Recognizing that academic disciplines and teaching methodologies evolve over time, the university has updated the curriculum to better reflect current industry needs. This revision ensures that students gain the skills, knowledge, and values necessary to thrive in an increasingly dynamic and interconnected world.
In this revised curriculum, the annual system has been changed to a semester system to align the curriculum with international practice. It is hoped that both students and faculty members will greatly benefit from the more focused, interactive, and student-centered learning observed in a semester system
Revised Course Structure for semester system
The revised course structure will be as follows:
- The B.Tech. (Food) The course spans 8 semesters, equivalent to 4 academic years.
Each academic year comprises 2 semesters.
A semester lasts 16 weeks, with a minimum of 90 working days.
- The entire course encompasses 140 credit hours: 93 credit hours for theory and 47 credit hours for practical session. o Each credit hour, whether practical or theoretical, is equivalent to 25 marks.
- The total weightage (full marks) of the course is 3500.
COURSE DISTRIBUTION
The entire course is divided into two categories:
- Allied courses constitute 34% of the curriculum.
- Core courses make up the remaining 66%.
The subject codes and the distribution of courses by their nature are detailed below:
Course type | Subject code | Subject | Credit | Nature | Sub-total | % Distribution |
Allied courses | BFT 101 | Applied Physics | 3+1 | A+B | 35+13 = 48 | 34 |
BFT 102 | Engineering Mathematics | 3+0 | A | |||
BFT 103 | Industrial Chemistry | 3+1 | A+B | |||
BFT 104 | Applied Statistics | 3+1 | A+B | |||
BFT 105 | General Biochemistry | 3+1 | A+B | |||
BFT 106 | General Microbiology | 2+1 | A+B | |||
BFT 151 | Instrumental Techniques of Analysis | 3+1 | A+B | |||
BFT 152 | Basic Principles of Engineering | 3+1 | A+B | |||
BFT 156 | Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering | 2+1 | A+B | |||
BFT 201 | Computer Application in Food Technology | 2+1 | A+B | |||
BFT 251 | Workshop Technology | 2+2 | A+B | |||
BFT 402 | Operations Research | 2+1 | A+B | |||
BFT 451 | Research Methodology and Statistical Methods | 2+1 | A+B | |||
BFT 452 | Food Plant Management and Entrepreneurship Development | 2+0 | A |
Core course | BFT 153 | Food Chemistry-I | 2+1 | A+B | 58+34 = 92 | 66 |
BFT 154 | Food Microbiology | 2+1 | A+B | |||
BFT 155 | Human Nutrition | 2+1 | A+B | |||
BFT 202 | Food Chemistry-II | 2+1 | A+B | |||
BFT 203 | Sugar Technology | 2+1 | A+B | |||
BFT 204 | Food Engineering-I | 2+1 | A+B | |||
BFT 205 | Principles of Food Processing | 3+1 | A+B | |||
BFT 206 | Principles of Food Preservation | 3+1 | A+B | |||
BFT 252 | Cereals, Legumes and Oilseeds Technology | 2+1 | A+B | |||
BFT 253 | Industrial Microbiology-I | 2+1 | A+B | |||
BFT 254 | Food Engineering-II | 2+1 | A+B | |||
BFT 255 | Food Quality Control and Standards | 2+0 | A | |||
BFT 256 | Food Analysis | 3+1 | A+B | |||
BFT 301 | Industrial Microbiology-II | 2+1 | A+B | |||
BFT 302 | Biochemical Engineering-I | 2+1 | A+B | |||
BFT 303 | Fats and Oils Technology | 2+1 | A+B | |||
BFT 304 | Sensory Assessment | 2+1 | A+B | |||
BFT 305 | Dairy Technology-I | 2+1 | A+B | |||
BFT 306 | Meat Technology-I | 2+1 | A+B | |||
BFT 351 | Fruits and Vegetables, Tea, Coffee and Spices | 3+1 | A+B | |||
BFT 352 | Biochemical Engineering-II | 2+1 | A+B | |||
BFT 353 | Food Safety and Security | 2+0 | ||||
BFT 354 | Confectionery and Snack Foods | 2+1 | A+B | |||
BFT 355 | Dairy Technology-II | 2+1 | A+B | |||
BFT 356 | Meat Technology-II | 2+1 | A+B | |||
BFT 401 | Food Packaging | 2+1 | A+B | |||
BFT 403 | Food Storage | 2+1 | A+B | |||
BFT 404 | Industrial Tour | 0+1 | B | |||
BFT 405 | In-plant Training | 0+2 | B | |||
BFT 453 | Dissertation | 0+4 | B | |||
BFT 454 | Class Seminar | 0+2 | B |
The course spans 8 semesters over 4 academic years, with each year divided into two semesters. Each semester consists of 16 weeks and includes at least 90 working days. The curriculum comprises 43 papers: 4 are theory-only, 37 combine theory and practical, and 2 are practical-only. Additionally, there is a compulsory 7-day industrial tour and a 45-day In-plant Training (internship) in the 7th semester. The 8th semester is exclusively for dissertation work and related subjects.
- 1 credit hour of theory class equals 1 hour of lecture per week.
- 1 credit practical class equals 4 hours of practical session per week.
Subjects with practical sessions lasting less than 4 hours (especially in Sem I and Sem II) are required to conduct a 1-hour tutorial class and a 3-hour lab session for the group.
EVALUATION
The evaluation process includes both internal assessments and final examinations. The final exams, known as semester examinations, will be conducted by the Institute of Science and Technology (IoST) at the end of each semester. A summary of the weightage distribution for these examinations can be found in Table 2.
Table 2: Marks distribution for the course
Course category | Marks (weightage) distribution | ||
Internal assessment (1) | Final exam (% weightage) | Pass marks (2) | |
Theory | 40% | 60% | 40% in each category |
Practical | 40% | 60% (3) | 50% in each category |
Course category | Marks (weightage) distribution | ||
Evaluator | Weightage | Pass marks | |
Class seminar (1) | - Mentor faculty | 50% | 60% |
- Commentator faculty | 25% | ||
- HOD | 25% | ||
In-plant Training (4) | - Immediate plant supervisor | 60% | 60% |
- Plant manager | 30% | ||
- On-the-spot inspection | 10% | ||
Dissertation (5) | - Supervisor | 40% | 60% |
- External examiner | 30% | ||
- Internal examiner | 20% | ||
- HOD | 10% | ||
Industrial tour (1) | - Guide teacher(s) | 100% | 60% |
- The evaluations will be carried out by the college or campus.
- Students are required to pass every category of the internal assessments (Table 3) to be eligible for the final examination. Failing the internal assessments means students are not permitted to apply for the final examination.
- The final practical examinations will take place under the supervision of an external examiner appointed by the Institute of Science and Technology (IoST).
- The evaluation for In-plant Training will be jointly conducted by the host organization or industry and the faculty member responsible for the on-site evaluation.
- Students must successfully complete the coursework up to the 6th semester to engage in dissertation work. However, they are only eligible to defend their dissertation after passing all semester examinations, excluding the dissertation itself. The dissertation defense will occur in the presence of an external examiner designated by IoST.
Curriculum for Annual System
B. Tech. (Food Technology) was under the annual examination system and is a four-year course with a total of 2000 marks. In each subject (except Dissertation work), 25% marks will be allotted to the practical work carried out in laboratories & pilot plants. First-year courses comprise basic sciences, engineering and microbiology. Food science courses and other courses fundamental to food processing are taught in the second year. The third and fourth years are devoted to teaching product technology, quality control and food plant management. Besides, a dissertation is compulsory.
The detailed structure of the course is as follows.
First Year
| Subject | Full Marks |
| Physics | 100 |
| Chemistry | 100 |
| Math and Statistics | 100 |
| Instrumental Techniques of Analysis | 100 |
| Basic and Food Microbiology | 100 |
| Basic Principles of Engineering | 50 |
| Total | 550 |
Second Year
| Subject | Full Marks |
| Food Chemistry | 100 |
| Principles of Food Processing | 100 |
| Food Engineering (Unit Operation and Process Engineering) | 100 |
| Biochemistry and Human Nutrition | 100 (50+50) |
| Technology of Food Products- I (Cereals, Legumes, Oilseed and Protein Foods) | 100 |
| Total | 500 |
Third Year
| Subject | Full Marks |
| Technology of Food Products- II (Fruits and Vegetables, Chocolate and Sugar Confectionery, Tea, Coffee and Spices) | 100 |
| Technology of Food Products- III (Meat, Fish and Poultry) | 100 |
| Biochemical Engineering | 100 |
| Industrial Microbiology | 100 |
| Food Quality Control and Analysis | 100 |
| Total | 500 |
Fourth Year
| Subject | Full Marks |
| Storage and Packaging Technology | 100 (50+50) |
| Operation Research and Food Plant Management | 100 |
| Dairy Technology | 100 |
| Dissertation | 100 |
| In-plant Training and Class Seminar | 50 |
| Total | 450 |
| Grand Total | 2000 |
Hours of Instruction
Working days: 150 days in an academic year
Class hour
Theory: One theory paper of 100 marks will have 4 lectures per week. A lecture class has a duration of 50 min.
Practical: One practical paper of 25 marks will have 4 hours of practical per week.
Attendance: 70 percent attendance in the class is compulsory.
Exam
A 100-marks paper is divided into a theory paper of 75 marks and a practical paper of 25 marks. Students will appear in three hours examination for a theory paper of 75. The student will have to pass separately in theory and practical examinations.
Evaluation
Pass Marks: Theory - 35%, Practical - 40%
A student has passed his/her four years of study will be graded as follows:
Distinction - 75% and above (four year's average).
First division: 60% (four year's average).
Second division: 45% (four year's average).
Third division: 35% (four year's average).